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(Adnkronos Salute) - Novità all'orizzonte contro i disturbi del sonno e alcune malattie neurologiche correlate. Uno studio congiunto delle università di Padova, McGill e Toronto (Canada), pubblicato sul 'Journal of Neuroscience', ha identificato l''interruttore' del sonno Rem - il recettore della melatonina MT1 - e il primo farmaco mirato, in grado di agire selettivamente su questa fase cruciale del riposo, senza alterare il sonno non-Rem. "Significativo è il potenziale clinico della scoperta", sottolineano dall'ateneo padovano, non solo per la comprensione dei meccanismi del sonno e quindi per il trattamento delle sue alterazioni, ma soprattutto per chi soffre di patologie come Parkinson e demenza con corpi di Lewy. Il sonno umano - ricorda UniPd - si compone di una sequenza precisa di fasi non-Rem e Rem, ognuna delle quali svolge funzioni fisiologiche distinte. Il sonno Rem (acronimo che sta per Rapid Eye Movement, il movimento oculare rapido che lo caratterizza), quello in cui si sogna, riveste un ruolo fondamentale nel consolidamento della memoria e nella regolazione delle emozioni. Il sonno non-Rem supporta invece i processi di recupero e riparazione fisica. Le interruzioni di questo ciclo possono compromettere le funzioni cognitive e aumentare la vulnerabilità alle malattie neuropsichiatriche. Gli autori della nuova pubblicazione - frutto della ricerca sulla melatonina e i suoi due recettori, MT1 e MT2, sviluppata negli ultimi 15 anni dal team internazionale - hanno individuato nel recettore MT1 il regolatore chiave del sonno Rem, il che ha permesso di identificare la prima molecola specificatamente mirata a questa fase del sonno. MT1 è espresso in neuroni specifici chiamati neuroni della noradrenalina, situati in un'area del cervello detta Locus Coeruleus (punto blu) per la sua colorazione tendente all'azzurro, dovuta ai granuli di melanina al suo interno. Durante il sonno Rem, questi neuroni noradrenergici riducono la propria attività elettrica e diventano silenziosi. Circa lo 0,5-1% della popolazione generale è affetta da un disturbo del comportamento del sonno Rem, che è un serio fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo di patologie neurodegenerative come il morbo di Parkinson e altre malattie come la demenza con corpi di Lewy, che attualmente non dispongono di trattamenti efficaci. Utilizzando un nuovo farmaco che agisce selettivamente sui recettori MT1, gli scienziati sono riusciti ad aumentare la durata del sonno Rem negli animali da esperimento, riducendo contemporaneamente l'attività dei neuroni noradrenergici del Locus Coeruleus."Questa scoperta non solo fa progredire la nostra comprensione sui meccanismi del sonno, ma ha anche un significativo potenziale clinico", afferma Gabriella Gobbi, principal investigator dello studio, professoressa di Psichiatria alla McGill University, clinico al McGill University Health Center e Canada Research Chair in Therapeutics for Mental Health. "Finora - precisa - il recettore specifico che innesca il sonno Rem era sfuggito agli scienziati", mentre "il nuovo studio ha identificato come importante regolatore di questa fase del sonno proprio il recettore MT1 della melatonina situato nel Locus Coeruleus". Non solo. "Fino ad oggi - rimarca Stefano Comai, coautore senior del lavoro, professore di Farmacologia all'università di Padova e professore aggiunto alla McGill University - non si conoscevano farmaci specificamente mirati a modificare il sonno Rem. La maggior parte dei farmaci ipnotici in commercio, pur prolungando la durata totale del sonno, tendono a influenzare negativamente il sonno Rem. Con lo studio pubblicato, oltre a svelare la specificità del recettore MT1 della melatonina, abbiamo scoperto la prima molecola capace di agire selettivamente sul sonno Rem senza alterare il sonno non-Rem".Secondo gli autori, "ulteriori ricerche sulla neurobiologia e la farmacologia del sonno Rem sono fondamentali per sviluppare trattamenti mirati che potrebbero migliorare la qualità della vita dei pazienti affetti da queste malattie neurodegenerative debilitanti. Man mano che gli scienziati continuano a esplorare le complessità della regolazione del sonno, la speranza di interventi efficaci nei disturbi neurologici diventa sempre più promettente". Per i ricercatori, "se studi futuri confermeranno il coinvolgimento specifico del recettore MT1 della melatonina nella regolazione del sonno Rem, si potranno sviluppare nuovi farmaci in grado di trattare i disturbi del sonno Rem che, come detto, sono noti essere strettamente legati ad esempio al morbo di Parkinson e altre condizioni correlate cosiddette parkinsonismi, quali la demenza con corpi di Lewy". di Adnkronos   25-07-2024 - 14:31 Link copiato Commenti Leggi la Netiquette

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