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Regina Elisabetta, dimagrita e fragile: le vere condizioni della sovranaNotizie di Esteri in tempo reale - Pag. 538Il convoglio russo che avanza verso Kiev è lungo 60 chilometri

Guerra Ucraina, la stretta russa sull'informazione: "Vietato parlare di vittime civili"Missione Hera,ETF pronti a volare i pannelli solari di Leonardo di Askanews   12-12-2023 - 19:35 Link copiato #iubenda-cs-banner .iub_ts_bc:not(.iubenda-custom-content) *,#iubenda-cs-banner [class*=" iub"],#iubenda-cs-banner [class^=iub],.iubenda-tp-btn:not([data-tp-nostyle]){ 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(askanews) - La missione Hera dell'Agenzia spaziale europea (ESA) per la difesa planetaria ha appena completato tutti i test dei pannelli solari. Le ali di Hera saranno conservate al sicuro, in attesa di dispiegarsi dopo il lancio nel 2024. La missione Hera percorrerà oltre 450 milioni di km e, una volta raggiunto l'asteroide binario Didymos potrà operare grazie anche al contributo di Leonardo. Leonardo ha realizzato i pannelli della missione (PVA) a Nerviano (Milano), mentre Beyond Gravity è responsabile del solar array, ovvero la struttura e i meccanismi che muovono i pannelli. Due ali con tre pannelli ciascuna per un totale di circa 14 m2 e oltre 1.600 celle, ciascuna grande quasi il doppio di una carta di credito, alimenteranno la sonda.Progettati e qualificati per funzionare a temperature comprese tra -100°C e +140°C, i pannelli continueranno a erogare energia anche con il Sole molto lontano, ricevendo solo il 17% della luce solare rispetto a un satellite posto nell'orbita terrestre. Nelle fasi della missione in cui la sonda sarà più distante, i pannelli solari genereranno circa 800 W, pari all'energia necessaria per alimentare un piccolo forno a microonde.Per Leonardo, Hera è la terza missione ESA che richiede pannelli fotovoltaici in grado di operare in condizioni di così scarsa illuminazione e a una distanza così elevata dal Sole: il primo esempio è stata ROSETTA (verso una cometa), e il caso più recente, JUICE (verso Giove, a 800 milioni di chilometri dal Sole!).Come si testano i pannelli solari per lo spazio?Tutti i satelliti e le sonde nello spazio necessitano di ali speciali per volare: potenti pannelli solari che forniscono energia all'intera missione.Come tutte le componenti della missione Hera, anche i pannelli fotovoltaici hanno dovuto superare diversi test prima di potersi considerare pronti per il lancio. Innanzitutto, vengono eseguiti test di termovuoto sui singoli pannelli per verificare la resistenza delle celle e di tutte le altre componenti alle temperature estreme, calde e fredde, ed in condizioni di vuoto.Poi c'è la campagna meccanica, dove i pannelli sono integrati all'ala e sottoposti a forti vibrazioni e carichi acustici (un subwoofer è posizionato davanti all'ala, emettendo suoni forti come in un concerto rock). Questo test ha lo scopo di simulare le sollecitazioni del lancio, soprattutto considerando che i pannelli solari, essendo montati all'esterno del satellite, sono esposti a maggiori rischi.Per verificare eventuali danni, oltre ad osservare le celle ad occhio nudo, gli ingegneri e i tecnici effettuano ulteriori test per verificare che non sia sfuggito nulla. Si inizia con il flasher test durante il quale si illumina il pannello con una lampada che simula la luce del Sole per verificare che generi la potenza prevista dalla missione. Dopo il flasher test, viene eseguito il test dell'elettroluminescenza (ELM), uno dei test principali che evidenzia anche le più piccole imperfezioni delle celle fotovoltaiche.Il test consiste nel far passare corrente attraverso le celle solari del pannello che quindi si accendono.Alimentandole si comportano come se fossero LED e, una volta illuminatesi, è possibile ispezionarle attentamente, rilevando anche il più piccolo difetto nella loro struttura. In caso di anomalie durante tutti questi test, le celle possono essere sostituite. 2 I test finali sono i "deployment test", che vengono svolti a seguito del montaggio delle "ali" al satellite.In questo caso i test sono due: cold e hot deployment test. Entrambi verificano che le "ali" siano state agganciate correttamente al corpo del satellite e si aprono e si chiudono come previsto.Tutti i giunti devono essere perfettamente allineati e coordinati. Il cold deployment test è un test più cauto, eseguito manualmente da tecnici esperti. L'hot deployment è invece il test finale per i pannelli solari durante il quale i meccanismi si aprono controllandoli direttamente dal satellite come se fosse in configurazione di volo. Una volta completato l'ultimo test, i pannelli vengono smontati dal satellite e chiusi in una "cassaforte" fino alla data di lancio.La missione Hera dell'ESA Hera è una missione di difesa planetaria dell'Agenzia spaziale europea (ESA), il cui lancio è previsto nell'ottobre 2024. Si incontrerà alla fine del 2026 con l'asteroide binario Didymos e la sua luna Dimorphos, che, nel settembre 2022, è stata colpita dalla missione DART della NASA, effettuando con successo il primo test nella storia di deflessione di un asteroide spostando la sua orbita.Le due missioni, DART ed Hera, supportate dagli stessi team internazionali di scienziati e astronomi attraverso la collaborazione Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA), hanno l'obiettivo comune di testare e studiare la fattibilità di modificare intenzionalmente il movimento di un corpo celeste per essere pronti, un giorno, a tutelare la sicurezza del nostro pianeta.Dopo il successo di DART della NASA, che ha raggiunto l'obiettivo, anche grazie all'accuratezza del sensore d'assetto stellare di Leonardo, la sonda Hera dell'ESA tornerà sull'asteroide binario per condurre un'indagine ravvicinata del cratere lasciato da DART. Acquisendo dati ravvicinati, Hera contribuirà a trasformare l'esperimento di impatto su larga scala di DART in una tecnica di deflessione consolidata e ripetibile, pronta per essere utilizzata nel caso in cui venga rilevato un asteroide diretto verso la Terra. Non solo, Hera studierà anche le caratteristiche di Didymos e Dimorphos perché anche gli asteroidi sono considerati fonti di metalli rari.Gli asteroidi sono un pericolo reale?Secondo l'ESA, ad oggi sono stati scoperti circa 33.800 asteroidi che orbitano "vicino" alla Terra (Near-Earth asteroids, NEAs) con una traiettoria entro 45 milioni di km dall'orbita del nostro pianeta. Tuttavia, gli asteroidi per cui c'è una probabilità di impatto sono circa 1.500 (NEAs in risk list). Anche se gli studi e le statistiche fino ad oggi non destano preoccupazione, è comunque possibile che, prima o poi, un asteroide possa incrociare la rotta del pianeta Terra e rappresentare una vera minaccia per le popolazioni. di Askanews   12-12-2023 - 19:35 Link copiato Commenti Leggi la Netiquette

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