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Cosa insegnano le piante, i microrganismi e i patogeni a noi umani di Italia Libera   09-07-2024 - 05:57 Link copiato #iubenda-cs-banner .iub_ts_bc:not(.iubenda-custom-content) *,#iubenda-cs-banner [class*=" iub"],#iubenda-cs-banner [class^=iub],.iubenda-tp-btn:not([data-tp-nostyle]){ 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background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0.5rem; box-shadow: 0 12px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); font-family: sans-serif; content: 'Loading...'; display: flex !important; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1; justify-content: center; min-height: 50px; text-transform: uppercase;}#speakup-player:empty{ display: block;} La ricerca di nuovi spazi in cui poter vivere o sopravvivere meglio caratterizza da sempre uomo, animali e vegetali. Molto spesso questi migranti vegetali, contrastati per evitarne la diffusione, mettono in atto meccanismi che ne consentono la sopravvivenza anche in ambienti resi ostili dagli interventi di difesa, nel tentativo di diventare endemici. Trovando, in parole semplici, forme di “pacifica” convivenza nell’ambiente in cui sono arrivati. Se provassimo a considerare il termine “migrante” in modo non negativo e, soprattutto, più trasversale e facessimo uno sforzo per considerare i tratti che avvicinano il mondo vegetale a quello animale e a noi umani, forse non ci scandalizzeremmo così tanto. Anzi, potremmo trovare da questi paragoni spunti e motivi per accogliere con più empatia i nostri simili costretti a migrare da emergenze climatiche e non solo ◆ Il commento di MARIA LODOVICA GULLINO► Il collega Stefano Mancuso, ben noto per i suoi studi di fisiologia e di neurobiologia vegetale, recentemente a Prato ha messo a dimora il Bosco delle Neofite, contravvenendo, volutamente, alle norme che impongono di riforestare usando specie “locali”, scegliendo consapevolmente piante non originarie. Lo studioso considera, infatti, il concetto di autoctono superato, dal momento che il mondo di oggi è frutto di continui cambiamenti e migrazioni. Queste piante “aliene” sono state considerate da Mancuso alla stregua di migranti e alcune società scientifiche hanno stigmatizzato l’intervento e il paragone. Senza volere entrare nelle polemiche, anche perché il collega fiorentino sa benissimo controbattere da solo alle critiche, mi piace soffermarmi proprio sul paragone fatto, che condivido. Il termine “migrante”, purtroppo, nell’accezione divenuta comune ha assunto un significato negativo. Ma se noi andiamo a considerare il significato dato dalla Treccani, vediamo che questo termine è riferito a «una grande quantità di persone che emigra o si sposta cercando nuove sedi, … a animali, che migrano …e con  significati  più tecnici, in biologia e medicina, a cellule o organi che hanno capacità o possibilità di spostamento – attivo o passivo a seconda dei casi – dalla sede abituale, per cause varie». In altre parole, ci spostiamo noi umani e ci siamo sempre spostati alla ricerca di cibo, di terre più fertili, di migliori condizioni di vita. Si spostano gli animali, anch’essi alla ricerca di cibo, di aree da colonizzare, di condizioni climatiche più adatte alla loro sopravvivenza. Si spostano le piante con i semi e il commercio e si spostano i microrganismi. Ognuno si sposta con i mezzi di cui dispone e/o sfruttando vettori, in maniera certamente più o meno consapevole.  La ricerca di nuovi spazi in cui fondamentalmente potere vivere o sopravvivere meglio caratterizza da sempre uomo, animali e vegetali. Siamo  tutti quanti consapevoli che i flussi migratori devono essere in qualche modo regolati e gestiti. Per noi umani esistono passaporti, permessi di soggiorno, visti, etc. Animali e vegetali molto meno di noi conoscono e riconoscono le frontiere. Nel loro caso, per evitare che i “nuovi arrivi” determino problemi (introduzione ad esempio di specie cosiddette invasive o aliene) sono state messe a punto norme sovranazionali regolarmente aggiornate (e non sempre rispettate). Di questo siamo tutti consapevoli. Ma ciò non toglie che il paragone con i migranti resti calzante e quanto mai efficace. Lasciando al professor Mancuso le speculazioni sulle piante, a me piace soffermarmi sui microrganismi e, in particolare, sui patogeni in grado di attaccare le piante, coltivate e non. Questi microrganismi (funghi, batteri, virus, …) non conoscono frontiere e, per quanto noi cerchiamo di contrastare i loro spostamenti e, in particolare la colonizzazione da parte loro di nuove aree, per evitane l’insediamento con danni alle coltivazioni, essi sono in grado, spesso utilizzando come vettori merci e mezzi di trasporto, di muoversi anche coprendo grandi distanze. Da veri e propri migranti. In qualche caso essi si spostano con le stesse piante che sono in grado di colonizzare e attaccare, che a loro volta si muovono con il movimento del materiale vegetale. Norme fitosanitarie internazionali e condivise forniscono metodi e strumenti per i controlli del materiale vegetale che si importa. Ma ciò non toglie che queste popolazioni di funghi, batteri, … entrino lo stesso in aree in cui per motivi diversi essi non sono desiderati. Quindi, se ben guardiamo alla loro situazione, anche essi possono essere considerati veri e propri migranti. Molto spesso questi migranti vegetali, non accolti con entusiasmo e contrastati per evitarne la diffusione, mettono in atto meccanismi che ne consentono la sopravvivenza anche in ambienti resi ostili dagli interventi di difesa, nel tentativo di diventare, diciamo noi con un termino tecnico, endemici. Trovando, in parole molto semplici, forme di “pacifica” convivenza nell’ambiente in cui sono arrivati. Lo studio accurato di “introduzioni” del passato (ad esempio quello della Xylella fastidiosa su vite in California alla fine del 1800) ci permette anche di meglio comprendere gli equilibri che si vengono a creare tra pianta ospite e parassita. Alla fine del 1800 un ceppo di Xylella fastidiosa capace di attaccare la vite arrivò in California, nell’area di Los Angeles. Quali furono le conseguenze? Danni enormi alla viticoltura, che si spostò più a sud e insediamento del batterio nell’areale di Los Angeles dove tutt’ora sopravvive in forma endemica. Pochi anni fa, un altro ceppo di Xylella fastidiosa capace di attaccare l’olivo arrivò dal Costarica, con piante ornamentali e, non intercettato in Olanda, arrivò in Puglia. La Xylella è un migrante ben attrezzato, capace di fare l’autostop spostandosi più lontano grazie agli insetti vettori. Tutti quanti conosciamo la fine della storia in Puglia. E, se una soluzione ci sarà, essa dipenderà dalla diffusione di varietà di olivo capaci di tollerare la presenza del patogeno. Del resto il miglioramento genetico ci insegna che le fonti di resistenza ai parassiti le si vanno a cercare proprio nei luoghi di origine delle colture soggette a quei parassiti. Per quale motivo?  Perché nei luoghi di origine dei parassiti si vengono a creare situazioni di “convivenza” che permettono di sopravvivere sia all’ospite che al parassita.  Con un po’ di ironia ma con un fondo di serietà ho provato a dimostrare che non è il caso di spendere energie in sterili polemiche. Siamo tutti migranti. A volte temporanei: come i ricercatori che “migrano” all’estero per studiare in prestigiose Università, le vacche che “migrano” felici d’estate nei pascoli alpini, i microrganismi che vengono trapiantati nel nostro intestino. E pensiamo alle piante ornamentali che si sono acclimatate in aree diverse, ai microrganismi che introdotti artificialmente in un suolo povero lo rendono più fertile. Per finire, se provassimo a considerare il termine “migrante” in modo non negativo e, soprattutto, più trasversale e facessimo uno sforzo per considerare i tratti che avvicinano il mondo vegetale a quello animale e a noi umani, forse non ci scandalizzeremmo così tanto. Anzi, potremmo trovare da questi paragoni che sembrano “spinti” spunti per affrontare gli studi nel campo della biologia vegetale in un modo più olistico. E motivi per accogliere con più empatia i nostri simili costretti a migrare da emergenze climatiche e non solo. © RIPRODUZIONE RISERVATA di Italia Libera   09-07-2024 - 05:57 Link copiato Commenti Leggi la Netiquette

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