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(Adnkronos Salute) - Nel menu non c'era solo selvaggina di grandi dimensioni. Ma anche 'pollame', o meglio piccoli uccelli selvatici, macellati e poi ben arrostiti sui carboni ardenti. Ai fornelli: chef Neanderthal. Un team di scienziati ha provato a carpirne i segreti in cucina, replicando gli antichi metodi di macellazione e cottura. Obiettivo: saperne di più sulle diete dei nostri antenati ominidi. Difficile infatti sapere cosa mangiassero. La preparazione del cibo, soprattutto quando si tratta di alimenti più piccoli, può lasciare poche tracce archeologiche. Ma comprendere i pasti dei Neanderthal viene ritenuto fondamentale dagli esperti per conoscere una popolazione incredibilmente adattabile, che ha prosperato per centinaia di migliaia di anni in ambienti estremamente vari. Per scoprire come poteva apparire la preparazione del cibo nei registri archeologici, gli scienziati hanno quindi indossato i grembiuli e provato a cucinare come i Neanderthal. "Utilizzare una scheggia di selce per la macellazione richiedeva una precisione e uno sforzo notevoli, che non avevamo pienamente valutato prima di questo esperimento", spiega Mariana Nabais dell'Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social in Spagna, autrice principale dell'articolo pubblicato su 'Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology'. Il lavoro illustra i risultati di uno studio pilota condotto sulle tavole preistoriche. Cosa finiva nel piatto in casa Neanderthal? Come si preparavano i cibi per servirli? Per scoprirlo gli scienziati hanno proprio fatto esperimenti sul campo. "Le schegge erano più affilate di quanto pensassimo inizialmente e richiedevano una manipolazione attenta per effettuare tagli precisi senza ferirsi le dita", osserva Nabais. Questi test "hanno evidenziato le sfide pratiche implicate nella lavorazione e cottura del cibo dei Neanderthal, fornendo un collegamento tangibile con la loro vita quotidiana e le loro strategie di sopravvivenza".Sei quello che mangi, recita una massima, valida anche per gli uomini del passato remoto. Che voci nel loro menu? Sebbene la caccia grossa praticata dai Neanderthal sia ben nota, si sa meno degli uccelli che alcuni di loro cacciavano. Recenti scoperte e nuove tecniche permettono di indagare più a fondo. Testando i metodi di preparazione del cibo che i Neanderthal avrebbero potuto usare, per vedere quali tracce avrebbero potuto lasciare sulle ossa dei volatili e come queste tracce si confrontano con i danni causati da processi naturali o dalle azioni di altri animali, gli scienziati hanno creato un database sperimentale che può essere confrontato con veri siti archeologici. Hanno raccolto 5 uccelli selvatici morti per cause naturali nel Wildlife Ecology, Rehabilitation and Surveillance Centre (Cervas) di Gouveia, in Portogallo: 2 cornacchie nere, 2 colombe dal collare e un colombaccio, simili alle specie di cui si nutrivano i Neanderthal, e hanno selezionato metodi di cottura utilizzando prove archeologiche e dati etnografici.Tutti gli uccelli sono stati spennati a mano. Una cornacchia nera e una colomba dal collare sono state poi macellate crude, usando una scaglia di selce. Le restanti 3 sono state arrostite su carboni ardenti fino a cottura ultimata, quindi macellate, cosa che gli scienziati hanno trovato molto più facile rispetto alla macellazione degli uccelli crudi. "Arrostire gli uccelli sui carboni richiedeva di mantenere una temperatura costante e di monitorare attentamente la durata della cottura per evitare di cuocere troppo la carne", racconta Nabais. "Forse perché abbiamo spennato gli uccelli prima di cucinarli, il processo di arrostimento è stato molto più rapido di quanto avessimo previsto. Abbiamo dedicato più tempo alla preparazione dei carboni che alla cottura vera e propria, che ha richiesto meno di 10 minuti". Una cucina 'fast', insomma, per gente attiva e sempre in giro. Gli scienziati hanno pulito e asciugato le ossa, quindi le hanno esaminate al microscopio per individuare tagli, rotture e bruciature. Hanno anche esaminato la scheggia di selce che avevano usato per individuare segni di usura. Sebbene avessero usato le mani per la maggior parte della macellazione, gli uccelli crudi richiedevano un uso considerevole della scheggia di selce, che ora presentava piccole cicatrici a mezzaluna sul bordo. Mentre i tagli usati per rimuovere la carne dagli uccelli crudi non lasciavano tracce sulle ossa, i tagli mirati ai tendini lasciavano segni simili a quelli sugli uccelli trovati nei siti archeologici. Le ossa degli uccelli arrostiti erano più fragili: alcune si erano frantumate e non potevano essere recuperate. Quasi tutte presentavano bruciature marroni o nere compatibili con un'esposizione controllata al calore. Le macchie nere all'interno di alcune ossa suggerivano che anche il contenuto della cavità interna era bruciato. Questa evidenza, spiegano gli esperti, getta luce non solo su come avrebbe potuto funzionare la preparazione del cibo dei Neanderthal, ma anche su quanto tale preparazione potesse essere visibile nei registri archeologici. Sebbene l'arrostimento renda più facile l'accesso alla carne, la maggiore fragilità delle ossa significa che gli 'avanzi dei pasti' potrebbero non essere trovati dagli archeologi. Per gli scienziati la ricerca dovrebbe essere ampliata per ottenere una comprensione più completa delle diete dei Neanderthal. Studi futuri dovrebbero includere più specie di piccole prede, nonché la lavorazione per prodotti non alimentari (artigli, piume). "La dimensione del campione è relativamente piccola, composta da soli 5 esemplari di uccelli, che potrebbero non rappresentare appieno la diversità delle specie di uccelli che i Neanderthal potrebbero aver utilizzato", precisa Nabais. "In secondo luogo, le condizioni sperimentali, sebbene attentamente controllate, non possono replicare completamente gli esatti contesti ambientali e culturali della vita dei Neanderthal". C'è ancora da fare, in conclusione, per decifrare il ricettario della preistoria. di Adnkronos   24-07-2024 - 16:43 Link copiato Commenti Leggi la Netiquette

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